Roberth Motherwell - Altamira Elegy (1979 - 1980)
Creative and Cultural Industries, Marketing and Media
Artists in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Use of lockdown time, skill development, and audience perceptions in Colombia and Spain
with Pedro Rey-Biel, Jeremy C. Young & Mónica Romero
Cultural Industries and the COVID-19 Pandemic, Routledge 2022.
Pre-print available here
This chapter examines how artists used their time during the COVID-19 lockdown and the resulting consequences for the quality of their work. We surveyed artists from different disciplines in Colombia and Spain to learn how they allocated their time to developing their artistic and/or their business skills. About half indicated that they used more time during the lockdown than previously to study, train, and practice. The Colombian artists devoted a significantly greater number of hours to studying business topics than before the lockdown. We also evaluated the works created by a subset of these artists before and after the lockdown, using an experimental design in which participants anonymously rated artists’ works. We found that artists who spent time developing their skills during the lockdown obtained higher ratings. However, whereas experience and education were positively correlated with reviewer ratings, time spent on developing skills during the lockdown was not. This may indicate that although more skilled artists create higher-quality works, the time when these skills materialize in their works is not obvious. In light of these findings, we discuss a potentially paradoxical effect of the pandemic, since concentrating on skill development may divert time from creation to education or income-generating activities, inadvertently affecting the quality of artworks.
Expert services and user reviews in the entertainment industry
Latest version available here (working paper).
We study the role of expert services in a market for experience goods. We define experience goods as those whose quality becomes known to the consumer only after purchase. We model the entertainment industry as a horizontally and vertically differentiated market, with a good having a known feature (a type or genre) and another unknown to consumers (a quality). All consumers prefer a high-quality good, with the utility they derive from the type being match-dependent ({i.e.,} taste-based). An expert (the critic) offers to reveal information on the good's quality to consumers in exchange for a fee. We find expert services to increase consumer welfare, reduce uncertainty, and allow consumers whose taste is not matched by the good to enter the market. Nevertheless, not all consumers who demand information from the critic buy the good. Next, we introduce user reviews in the form of a free-to-access rating of the good, as found in online review aggregators. User reviews alter the composition of the market, allowing consumers whose taste is matched by the good to buy low-quality goods and vice versa. The expert is sensitive to the competing source of information, serving a smaller demand and charging a lower fee. However, regardless of its source, additional information is welfare-improving for consumers, most significantly when user and expert reviews are present simultaneously.
Appendix 1: Proofs and technical appendix.
Appendix 2: Literature review summary table.
The effect of social identity on the generation of eWOM on Facebook with Franklin González-Soriano and Percy Marquina Feldman
Cogent Business & Management (7:1), March 2020.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311975.2020.1738201
This study examines how social identity affects the generation of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). We develop a structural equation model (SEM) comprising self-enhancement, social capital, and social presence as explanatory variables of social identity. We propose that, through these variables, the social identity construct has a positive relation with eWOM and its generation on social media. We analyze this effect by empirically estimating the model using data obtained from Ecuadorian university students and test the relation between social identity and the generation of purchase experience comments on social media. We analyze the effect of each variable on the generation of purchase experience comments on Facebook. Our results confirm the influence of social identity on the generation of eWOM, showing that social capital is an important variable in this process.
Efectos del coronavirus en el circuito punk de Chapinero a partir de la cartografía de la territorialidad nómada: producción, consumo y participación con Minerva Campion Canelas
Análisis Político (N° 100), December 2020.
https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/anpol/article/view/93359
Online supplemental material available here.
Este trabajo aborda los efectos del covid-19 en el circuito punk de Chapinero. Utilizamos el concepto de circuito para operacionalizar el análisis, caracterizando los espacios de la oferta cultural y los consumidores que participan en ellos, notables por su movilidad, que aproximamos desde la territorialidad nómada. Examinamos los efectos económicos y políticos mediante entrevistas a los gestores y encuestas a los consumidores. Los resultados presentan la cartografía del circuito punk de Chapinero, así como las transformaciones en las formas de producir y de consumir. Encontramos que tanto los productores como consumidores no han podido continuar con su participación en el circuito al existir elementos de socialización inherentes al encuentro en los espacios físicos. Los espacios han afrontado la reducción de sus ingresos recurriendo a la solidaridad y apoyo mutuo. En términos políticos, la falta de espacios de encuentro y deliberación parece limitar la naturaleza contracultural del circuito.
Internationalization of Bolivian and Latin American film productions on Netflix: content, creators, and consumers with Andrés Laguna-Tapia, Jens Bürger and Vania Landívar-Freire
Comunicación y Sociedad (1-41)
https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2021.8037
We study international film flows between Bolivia and Latin America to understand the lack of Bolivian content on Netflix. We characterize Netflix originals, third-party content, and Bolivian films and develop a thematic analysis of their synopsis and genre description, completed with the results of a survey on the Bolivian consumption of streaming content. We identify common patterns in Netflix content and show how it differs from the more national cinematic traditions of Bolivian films. Our results point to a homogenizing effect SVOD platforms like Netflix might have on film productions.
Appendices
Análisis del discurso académico en torno a la obra de Jorge Sanjinés a partir de los artículos científicos publicados entre 1960 y 2019
Book chapter, Forthcoming
Latest version available here.
En este artículo proponemos un primer acercamiento al análisis del discurso académico en torno a la obra de Jorge Sanjinés. Con este objetivo empleamos una metodología de análisis cuantitativo de contenido cualitativo, para procesar los documentos académicos (artículos científicos, tesis doctorales y capítulos de libros) dedicados a Sanjinés y su producción cinematográfica. Recopilamos todas las referencias académicas con esas características, disponibles en las plataformas y agregadores digitales, las organizamos en categorías y procesamos con la metodología de la frecuencia de palabras, empleando el software NVivo 12 Pro. A partir de esos resultados comparamos, usando nubes de palabras, los temas y tendencias en el discurso de los académicos que publican en castellano y aquellos que lo hacen en inglés. La escasez de referencias bibliográficas sobre Sanjinés, de cara a una metodología de análisis de contenido, nos hace optar por la categoría idioma, muchas veces correlacionadas con la afiliación y nacionalidad. Combinando un análisis cualitativo con citas tomadas de los documentos recopilados, evidenciamos que los artículos de autores hispanoparlantes se enfocan más en temas cercanos a la sociología (lo popular, étnico, las tensiones entre modernidad y lo ancestral), mientras los angloparlantes se encuentran más cercanos a los film studies, al abordar el cine de Sanjinés desde un ángulo estético o formal. Recomendaciones para futuros estudios cierran este documento.
Desarrollo y cultura: desafíos y aprendizajes en torno al fomento de las industrias creativas y culturales
Revista Faro (9:1), December 2019.
https://culturayeconomia.org/wp-content/uploads/Faro2019.pdf
En este artículo revisamos algunas de las políticas de fomento al desarrollo de las industrias creativas y culturales en Colombia, su encaje en la estructura del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo y las perspectivas que esto plantea en el contexto de la llamada 'economía naranja'. Empleamos como marco comparativo los casos del Reino Unido, Nueva Zelanda y otros países europeos que han implementado políticas análogas en el pasado, observando sus resultados, fallos y aprendizajes. Cerramos el artículo con un análisis de las ventajas y desventajas resultantes de políticas estatales que vinculen las industrias culturales con las de servicios creativos, tomando como oportunidades de reflexión y mejora las conclusiones derivadas del análisis de los casos antes expuestos.
Cultural capital in the consumption of experience goods
Extended abstract available here.
Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship Education
What do we call successful entrepreneurship education? Towards a systemic model for the assessment of entrepreneurial competencies
Latest version available here (working paper).
In this paper we develop a systemic model for the assessment of competency-based entrepreneurship education. We use the validation process of an entrepreneurial project to structure and frame a set of entrepreneurial competencies, in order to assess their development. Hence, activities performed in a context, interacting with relevant stakeholders, generate evidence both for learning assessment and for the development of the entrepreneurial process. First, we study entrepreneurial education and its current assessment methodologies. These are often outcome-based and limited in their insights on the evolution of the learning process. We then present the systemic model in detail, including the entrepreneurial competencies, activities, outputs and criteria required for their assessment. The system follows the structure of an entrepreneurial process, with the validation becoming the interface for the assessment of entrepreneurial competencies. The students develop outcomes based on class content, based on hypotheses, and then validate these by interacting with the stakeholders, generating evidence that can be used to assess specific entrepreneurial competencies. Next, we discuss some of the benefits and limitations of this approach for entrepreneurship education, particularly in the case of sustainable, social or non-market bound ventures. Guidelines for the implementation of the evaluation plan close this study.
Disentangling entrepreneurial competencies from entrepreneurial intention in an undergraduate entrepreneurship program
Extended abstract available here.
"Towards a competency-based evaluation methodology for entrepreneurial education: A learning plan proposal and its evaluation in the university setting"
(Working paper)
In this paper we discuss the evaluation of entrepreneurial education as a learning process. We analyze how to evaluate the learning process as it takes place, assessing the in-process development of entrepreneurial competencies instead of looking at mid to long run outcomes once the instructional activities have been completed. We propose the validation of the entrepreneurial projects of an experiential, project-based entrepreneurship program as the structure through which to undertake the evaluation activities. Insights towards a competency-based evaluation methodology are outlined and discussed. A learning plan for an entrepreneurship course at the undergraduate level, designed under the experiential pedagogical model, is presented first. Then, using the validation process of an entrepreneurship project as a structure, the evaluation plan, sequence, indicators and activities are introduced. These frame evaluation as a twin process of the entrepreneurship projects validation. Thus, a plan to assess the development of entrepreneurial competencies through specific actions in relevant contexts is detailed, allowing for monitoring while the learning process occurs. Finally, evidence from a controlled implementation of the learning and evaluation plans is presented.
"A lean-modular approach to entrepreneurial education with non-management undergraduate students"
(Working paper)
In this paper we propose a new teaching methodology for entrepreneurial education among undergraduates with no prior management training, the Lean-modular approach. We modularize the content of an experiential, project-based entrepreneurship course so that each content unit is a step towards creating a new business venture. The modules roughly correspond to the components of a standard business plan, fusing elements from the Design Thinking and Lean LaunchPad methodologies to articulate them and taking validation as a process concurrent to the formulation of the project. We present a general learning sequence which can later be replicated in different educational contexts. We favor a consumer-centric approach which progressively introduces students to market relevant skills by constantly interacting with the customer, while they apply their non-entrepreneurial technical knowledge to develop a product. A dual evaluation framework is devised to assess both the competences acquired and the students’ satisfaction with the course. The students who followed the new methodology satisfactorily developed competence in entrepreneurial skills, which they used in the detection of a market opportunity and the development of a plan to sustainably seize it. The results and conclusions of a pilot experience close this paper.
Other
Information availability and ability choice in a market for physicians with Edgardo Lara
Metroeconomica (Online early view)
https://doi.org/10.1111/meca.12361
In this paper we study the ability choices and pricing strategies of physicians in a duopolistic market where consumers base their decisions on anecdotal evidence. The consumers are aware of only some of the physicians in the market and estimate their abilities by taking a sample from the patients they have previously treated. Decisions based on anecdotal evidence entail two hindrances, an over-reliance on small samples and the limited availability of information. In this setting, situations arise where physicians have incentives to choose low levels of ability even when it is costless. In particular, more information availability leads to more ability differentiation and a lower average level. When information on the two physicians is readily available, the average ability in the equilibrium is not maximum. Conversely, an equilibrium where both physicians choose a maximum ability level is possible despite the anecdote-based decisions of consumers. This occurs when information on at least one of the physicians is not readily available to consumers. Fixing prices or restricting physicians to operate locally can induce a maximum average ability in the market irrespective of the availability of information level.
Appendix : Costly ability choice
Appendix : N Physicians available in the market
Appendix : K > 1 anecdotes sampled
Artists in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Use of lockdown time, skill development, and audience perceptions in Colombia and Spain
with Pedro Rey-Biel, Jeremy C. Young & Mónica Romero
Cultural Industries and the COVID-19 Pandemic, Routledge 2022.
Pre-print available here
This chapter examines how artists used their time during the COVID-19 lockdown and the resulting consequences for the quality of their work. We surveyed artists from different disciplines in Colombia and Spain to learn how they allocated their time to developing their artistic and/or their business skills. About half indicated that they used more time during the lockdown than previously to study, train, and practice. The Colombian artists devoted a significantly greater number of hours to studying business topics than before the lockdown. We also evaluated the works created by a subset of these artists before and after the lockdown, using an experimental design in which participants anonymously rated artists’ works. We found that artists who spent time developing their skills during the lockdown obtained higher ratings. However, whereas experience and education were positively correlated with reviewer ratings, time spent on developing skills during the lockdown was not. This may indicate that although more skilled artists create higher-quality works, the time when these skills materialize in their works is not obvious. In light of these findings, we discuss a potentially paradoxical effect of the pandemic, since concentrating on skill development may divert time from creation to education or income-generating activities, inadvertently affecting the quality of artworks.
Expert services and user reviews in the entertainment industry
Latest version available here (working paper).
We study the role of expert services in a market for experience goods. We define experience goods as those whose quality becomes known to the consumer only after purchase. We model the entertainment industry as a horizontally and vertically differentiated market, with a good having a known feature (a type or genre) and another unknown to consumers (a quality). All consumers prefer a high-quality good, with the utility they derive from the type being match-dependent ({i.e.,} taste-based). An expert (the critic) offers to reveal information on the good's quality to consumers in exchange for a fee. We find expert services to increase consumer welfare, reduce uncertainty, and allow consumers whose taste is not matched by the good to enter the market. Nevertheless, not all consumers who demand information from the critic buy the good. Next, we introduce user reviews in the form of a free-to-access rating of the good, as found in online review aggregators. User reviews alter the composition of the market, allowing consumers whose taste is matched by the good to buy low-quality goods and vice versa. The expert is sensitive to the competing source of information, serving a smaller demand and charging a lower fee. However, regardless of its source, additional information is welfare-improving for consumers, most significantly when user and expert reviews are present simultaneously.
Appendix 1: Proofs and technical appendix.
Appendix 2: Literature review summary table.
The effect of social identity on the generation of eWOM on Facebook with Franklin González-Soriano and Percy Marquina Feldman
Cogent Business & Management (7:1), March 2020.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311975.2020.1738201
This study examines how social identity affects the generation of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). We develop a structural equation model (SEM) comprising self-enhancement, social capital, and social presence as explanatory variables of social identity. We propose that, through these variables, the social identity construct has a positive relation with eWOM and its generation on social media. We analyze this effect by empirically estimating the model using data obtained from Ecuadorian university students and test the relation between social identity and the generation of purchase experience comments on social media. We analyze the effect of each variable on the generation of purchase experience comments on Facebook. Our results confirm the influence of social identity on the generation of eWOM, showing that social capital is an important variable in this process.
Efectos del coronavirus en el circuito punk de Chapinero a partir de la cartografía de la territorialidad nómada: producción, consumo y participación con Minerva Campion Canelas
Análisis Político (N° 100), December 2020.
https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/anpol/article/view/93359
Online supplemental material available here.
Este trabajo aborda los efectos del covid-19 en el circuito punk de Chapinero. Utilizamos el concepto de circuito para operacionalizar el análisis, caracterizando los espacios de la oferta cultural y los consumidores que participan en ellos, notables por su movilidad, que aproximamos desde la territorialidad nómada. Examinamos los efectos económicos y políticos mediante entrevistas a los gestores y encuestas a los consumidores. Los resultados presentan la cartografía del circuito punk de Chapinero, así como las transformaciones en las formas de producir y de consumir. Encontramos que tanto los productores como consumidores no han podido continuar con su participación en el circuito al existir elementos de socialización inherentes al encuentro en los espacios físicos. Los espacios han afrontado la reducción de sus ingresos recurriendo a la solidaridad y apoyo mutuo. En términos políticos, la falta de espacios de encuentro y deliberación parece limitar la naturaleza contracultural del circuito.
Internationalization of Bolivian and Latin American film productions on Netflix: content, creators, and consumers with Andrés Laguna-Tapia, Jens Bürger and Vania Landívar-Freire
Comunicación y Sociedad (1-41)
https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2021.8037
We study international film flows between Bolivia and Latin America to understand the lack of Bolivian content on Netflix. We characterize Netflix originals, third-party content, and Bolivian films and develop a thematic analysis of their synopsis and genre description, completed with the results of a survey on the Bolivian consumption of streaming content. We identify common patterns in Netflix content and show how it differs from the more national cinematic traditions of Bolivian films. Our results point to a homogenizing effect SVOD platforms like Netflix might have on film productions.
Appendices
Análisis del discurso académico en torno a la obra de Jorge Sanjinés a partir de los artículos científicos publicados entre 1960 y 2019
Book chapter, Forthcoming
Latest version available here.
En este artículo proponemos un primer acercamiento al análisis del discurso académico en torno a la obra de Jorge Sanjinés. Con este objetivo empleamos una metodología de análisis cuantitativo de contenido cualitativo, para procesar los documentos académicos (artículos científicos, tesis doctorales y capítulos de libros) dedicados a Sanjinés y su producción cinematográfica. Recopilamos todas las referencias académicas con esas características, disponibles en las plataformas y agregadores digitales, las organizamos en categorías y procesamos con la metodología de la frecuencia de palabras, empleando el software NVivo 12 Pro. A partir de esos resultados comparamos, usando nubes de palabras, los temas y tendencias en el discurso de los académicos que publican en castellano y aquellos que lo hacen en inglés. La escasez de referencias bibliográficas sobre Sanjinés, de cara a una metodología de análisis de contenido, nos hace optar por la categoría idioma, muchas veces correlacionadas con la afiliación y nacionalidad. Combinando un análisis cualitativo con citas tomadas de los documentos recopilados, evidenciamos que los artículos de autores hispanoparlantes se enfocan más en temas cercanos a la sociología (lo popular, étnico, las tensiones entre modernidad y lo ancestral), mientras los angloparlantes se encuentran más cercanos a los film studies, al abordar el cine de Sanjinés desde un ángulo estético o formal. Recomendaciones para futuros estudios cierran este documento.
Desarrollo y cultura: desafíos y aprendizajes en torno al fomento de las industrias creativas y culturales
Revista Faro (9:1), December 2019.
https://culturayeconomia.org/wp-content/uploads/Faro2019.pdf
En este artículo revisamos algunas de las políticas de fomento al desarrollo de las industrias creativas y culturales en Colombia, su encaje en la estructura del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo y las perspectivas que esto plantea en el contexto de la llamada 'economía naranja'. Empleamos como marco comparativo los casos del Reino Unido, Nueva Zelanda y otros países europeos que han implementado políticas análogas en el pasado, observando sus resultados, fallos y aprendizajes. Cerramos el artículo con un análisis de las ventajas y desventajas resultantes de políticas estatales que vinculen las industrias culturales con las de servicios creativos, tomando como oportunidades de reflexión y mejora las conclusiones derivadas del análisis de los casos antes expuestos.
Cultural capital in the consumption of experience goods
Extended abstract available here.
Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship Education
What do we call successful entrepreneurship education? Towards a systemic model for the assessment of entrepreneurial competencies
Latest version available here (working paper).
In this paper we develop a systemic model for the assessment of competency-based entrepreneurship education. We use the validation process of an entrepreneurial project to structure and frame a set of entrepreneurial competencies, in order to assess their development. Hence, activities performed in a context, interacting with relevant stakeholders, generate evidence both for learning assessment and for the development of the entrepreneurial process. First, we study entrepreneurial education and its current assessment methodologies. These are often outcome-based and limited in their insights on the evolution of the learning process. We then present the systemic model in detail, including the entrepreneurial competencies, activities, outputs and criteria required for their assessment. The system follows the structure of an entrepreneurial process, with the validation becoming the interface for the assessment of entrepreneurial competencies. The students develop outcomes based on class content, based on hypotheses, and then validate these by interacting with the stakeholders, generating evidence that can be used to assess specific entrepreneurial competencies. Next, we discuss some of the benefits and limitations of this approach for entrepreneurship education, particularly in the case of sustainable, social or non-market bound ventures. Guidelines for the implementation of the evaluation plan close this study.
Disentangling entrepreneurial competencies from entrepreneurial intention in an undergraduate entrepreneurship program
Extended abstract available here.
"Towards a competency-based evaluation methodology for entrepreneurial education: A learning plan proposal and its evaluation in the university setting"
(Working paper)
In this paper we discuss the evaluation of entrepreneurial education as a learning process. We analyze how to evaluate the learning process as it takes place, assessing the in-process development of entrepreneurial competencies instead of looking at mid to long run outcomes once the instructional activities have been completed. We propose the validation of the entrepreneurial projects of an experiential, project-based entrepreneurship program as the structure through which to undertake the evaluation activities. Insights towards a competency-based evaluation methodology are outlined and discussed. A learning plan for an entrepreneurship course at the undergraduate level, designed under the experiential pedagogical model, is presented first. Then, using the validation process of an entrepreneurship project as a structure, the evaluation plan, sequence, indicators and activities are introduced. These frame evaluation as a twin process of the entrepreneurship projects validation. Thus, a plan to assess the development of entrepreneurial competencies through specific actions in relevant contexts is detailed, allowing for monitoring while the learning process occurs. Finally, evidence from a controlled implementation of the learning and evaluation plans is presented.
"A lean-modular approach to entrepreneurial education with non-management undergraduate students"
(Working paper)
In this paper we propose a new teaching methodology for entrepreneurial education among undergraduates with no prior management training, the Lean-modular approach. We modularize the content of an experiential, project-based entrepreneurship course so that each content unit is a step towards creating a new business venture. The modules roughly correspond to the components of a standard business plan, fusing elements from the Design Thinking and Lean LaunchPad methodologies to articulate them and taking validation as a process concurrent to the formulation of the project. We present a general learning sequence which can later be replicated in different educational contexts. We favor a consumer-centric approach which progressively introduces students to market relevant skills by constantly interacting with the customer, while they apply their non-entrepreneurial technical knowledge to develop a product. A dual evaluation framework is devised to assess both the competences acquired and the students’ satisfaction with the course. The students who followed the new methodology satisfactorily developed competence in entrepreneurial skills, which they used in the detection of a market opportunity and the development of a plan to sustainably seize it. The results and conclusions of a pilot experience close this paper.
Other
Information availability and ability choice in a market for physicians with Edgardo Lara
Metroeconomica (Online early view)
https://doi.org/10.1111/meca.12361
In this paper we study the ability choices and pricing strategies of physicians in a duopolistic market where consumers base their decisions on anecdotal evidence. The consumers are aware of only some of the physicians in the market and estimate their abilities by taking a sample from the patients they have previously treated. Decisions based on anecdotal evidence entail two hindrances, an over-reliance on small samples and the limited availability of information. In this setting, situations arise where physicians have incentives to choose low levels of ability even when it is costless. In particular, more information availability leads to more ability differentiation and a lower average level. When information on the two physicians is readily available, the average ability in the equilibrium is not maximum. Conversely, an equilibrium where both physicians choose a maximum ability level is possible despite the anecdote-based decisions of consumers. This occurs when information on at least one of the physicians is not readily available to consumers. Fixing prices or restricting physicians to operate locally can induce a maximum average ability in the market irrespective of the availability of information level.
Appendix : Costly ability choice
Appendix : N Physicians available in the market
Appendix : K > 1 anecdotes sampled
Last edit: March 3 2022